Mean Green

Mechanical Aeration: It is observed that in the diffused air system, only a small per cent of oxygen, not more than ten is actually utilized in the oxidation process used as treatment for sewage, the rest, about ninety per cent, is simply required to bring about the required agitation of the sewage sludge mixture. A great amount of oxygen is invariably obtained from the atmosphere at the surface. The realization of this fact has given rise to mechanical aeration, in which the sewage is constantly stirred by mechanical means in order to bring it into intimate contact with the atmospheric air. This being more economical and advantageous, is being increasingly followed in modern practices used as treatment for sewage.

Two types of sewage aeration systems are commonly employed:

(1) Paddle mechanisms
(2) Spray mechanisms

Paddle Mechanisms: Paddle mechanisms circulate the sewage in the wastewater aeration tank. The latter are made up of long inter-connected channels such that the sewage has to travel a long distance. The direction of flow being guided by paddle wheels so arranged, as to revolve either about horizontal shafts crossing the channels midway of their lengths. Paddle wheels are placed in a staggered fashion or about vertical shafts partially submerged at the end of each pair of channels in series. Baffles are used to cause overturning motion. In this mechanism, a part of the sewage is also recirculated to the influent end in the first arrangement. Therefore, this is a better method of treatment for sewage.

The channels containing the paddle mechanisms may be about 1.2 m deep x 1.8 m wide with paddle wheels dipping 20 to 30 cm into the sewage and revolving at 0.6 to 0.9 m /sec. Detention periods for complete aeration are somewhat longish (15 hours or even more) for the aeration of sewage.

Spray Mechanisms: In spray mechanisms, sewage is drawn to the surface and then thrown in the form of thin sheets or films on the surface. The film formation aids in the absorption of oxygen by exposing large surface of sewage to the atmosphere. The simplex system is a well-known example of this type of treatment for sewage. This consists of a single square hopper-bottomed tank or a rectangular tank with a series of square hopper-bottomed units, through which sewage flows and which may or may not be equipped with baffles or dividing walls.

Each unit has a central uptake tube, which is widened out at the bottom and has an inverted cone, suspended centrally at top with reference to the uptake tube and driven by a mechanism. The cone has vanes and during its revolutions, sucks up sewage from the bottom and sprays it at the top, thereby setting up a circular motion in the sewage. The cone spins at 60 rpm and contents are turned once in every 20 minutes. Units are 3 to 6 m deep and 1.5 to 2 times as wide. The detention period is 8 hours or more to complete the process of aeration treatment for sewage. The spray aeration is well suited for small plants because operation and maintenance are simple.

Combination System: In this, as the very name implies, the two actions viz. diffusion and the mechanical aeration are combined in one unit. The well-known type is the Dorrco aerator. This consists of a tank, 3 to 4.5 m deep and of equal width. It has two rows of diffusers fixed at the bottom and along one side of the tank. A submerged paddle wheel is at the center of the tank and mounted on a horizontal shaft, that rotates 10 to 12 rpm in a direction opposite to that of the rising air bubbles. Detention period is 2 to 3 hours.

The main advantage of this system is the increase in the diffusion action – 2 to 3 times as much oxygen as in diffused air tanks is absorbed, and consequently there is reduction in the supply of compressed air.

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You’ve probably seen and heard in the news that people (including me and you) have invariably ended up making a big mess in the environment. Although there’s finger-pointing between genders, races, and countries about who’s to blame, the truth still stands: The entire world’s ill affect everyone, and everybody benefiting from this world should try to make either small or big contributions to find cure. You might be wondering: “How can I possibly become a solution to these humongous global and environmental problems?” The answer is simple: Do your part. Do you know that there is no contribution that is ever too small to matter? That means, every bit of help and effort from every single individual counts.

This article gives you the heads-up on simple solutions you can do to help Ma Nature:

1. Get a map – Know where you’re heading and you’ll save up on fuel and gas. If you’re going to travel from one state to another, ensure that you have a map with you. This doesn’t only help you save the environment, but it also saves you from major frustrations that could ruin your entire trip. Avoid left turns; keep in mind, idling in traffic produces more pollution than if you hooked on a few rights.

2. Learn to recycle – Do you know that more and more plastic water bottles each day are being tossed everywhere and only one-third of these bottled waters are recycled worldwide? If you really care for the environment, you should devise ways on how to recycle your things including bottle beverages as a way of doing your fair-share.

3. Sign up for earth hour – Just so you know, this movement is a global environment thing. People from around the globe are into this energy conservation as a way of saving the planet. So, if you haven’t tried turning off your lights for an hour, doing so will be a great contribution to the environment.

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Ethanol cars work in a way very similar to normal gasoline cars, and are a great viable alternative fuel option because of current high gas prices. The only real difference is that ethanol car engines are able to utilize the biofuel ethanol instead of oil based gasoline.

Ethanol fuel itself is extracted from plants such as corn or sugarcane, and refined into an alcohol. This alcohol is suitable to be used as a biofuel in cars and other vehicles. Most hybrid automobile engines that use ethanol can also use gasoline, and are also called “flex-fuel” engines. The ethanol is injected into the engine in the same way as a non-hybrid automobile engine. Though ethanol gives slightly less miles per gallon than gasoline, it doesn’t create as much air pollution when it is burned.

The similarities between ethanol “flex-fuel” engines and standard engines make ethanol cars cheaper than most alternative or hybrid vehicles, because they are built in much the same way as a regular engine. Ethanol is actually cheaper in some cases than gasoline, and thus a hybrid that runs on ethanol can be less expensive to operate than a gasoline based vehicle.

Most standard automobiles can even run on a 10% mixture of ethanol in gasoline. Many gas stations around the world offer ethanol as an alternative to gasoline, and in some countries cars are required to run on ethanol.

You can find out more information about Hybrid Cars at ProHybrid.com along with video news, reviews, and tools such as price quotes and an automotive loan calculator.

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In the spirit of being conservative and fully disclosing all material facts, oil promoters should abide by all federal and state securities laws when soliciting units in limited partnerships or other investment vehicles. I am not a securities attorney, but will try to educate investors as best as possible going forward on proper procedures for operators. Through research, discussion with state regulators, and securities attorneys, I hope to shed some light on unfair practices in the direct participation oil & gas business. The problem is that promoters often profit even before drilling a hole due to skewed costs presented to unknowing investors. There is nothing I hate more than a liar and crook.

In fairness to my readers, this is especially important to me since I have been directly affected by improperly prepared offering memorandum. Prior to becoming a direct oil & gas investor, I was also a passive investor with an operator. The result of the findings of the federal and state regulators is still pending, but could have serious consequences for me as an investor. This wake up call has led me on a mission to learn as much as possible about proper private placement offerings. I hope to be the most compliant operator, if and when I ever raise money. At first glance, the state of Kentucky seems to have an excellent process for operators registering securities to be sold in their state. I have contacted the Securities Division in KY and have forwarded some interview questions for future articles.

Also, I have found a very comprehensive site for investors to research potential partners in the industry. The Venture Research Institute seems to be the most informative website on oil & gas fraud I have found: http://www.vcresearch.info/open/forums.asp. I will also be looking to interview Bernie Bicoy, in admin at the site, for upcoming articles. Bernie Bicoy takes an objective view on the investigative process and has assembled a fantastic collection of information for prospective investors.

It seems as though there needs to be a concerted effort by federal and state regulators to create a uniform “Best Practices” test. Knowing how government works, I would not bet on that, therefore, it should be that promoters go above and beyond to provide full disclosure. Promoters should take the time to introduce themselves to the securities laws in the states they are offering securities and look to go above and beyond to be good corporate citizens. I know for sure I will strive to achieve that level of responsibility as a future operator.

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When you’re a young driver, you should never approach the question of insurance dreaming of low premiums. Under the age of 25, no insurance is ever going to cheap and the sooner you adjust your expectations and set to do a little work, the better. The standard advice is always to shop around. Why bother? The answer is more important when you’re young. Any driver, regardless of age can save money by being prepared to change insurers. The majority of companies will offer a welcome bonus to persuade you to jump ship. The people who make their money researching and crunching numbers will tell you the average man aged 55 will save around $450 by changing insurers. It’s possible, of course, the new insurer will quickly phase out the discounts and equalize the premium rates. That’s business. But a small percentage of policyholders are prepared to move their business when renewal falls due at the end of each year. The industry calls this churning and this helps maintain some level of price competition between the insurers. Sadly, most drivers seem reluctant to change, preferring to stay loyal. This makes the insurers lazy and they all tend to pitch their premium rates quite close together. For younger drivers, it’s a different matter. The number crunchers tell us there can be more than $1,000 in savings available if you make an effective survey of all the insurers in your state. Why is the difference so much greater? The answer comes in track record. The 55-year old driver has spent years proving whether he is safe and so, when it comes to deciding what level of risk he represents, the insurers will all come up with similar premium rates. This leaves a narrow range, only widened because of the welcome bonuses offered. But when you are starting off your driving career, there can be a big difference of opinion between the companies on how to assess your driving. When there’s no evidence on how safe you are, it comes down to company policy. Some argue the earlier the company signs you up, the longer you will stay a loyal customer. It’s possible you may have a few crashes in the early years but, as you learn, you will become a steady contributor to the profit margin. Other companies prefer not to have too many young driver in their groups and so set higher premium rates to deter the average youngster. So, for the first years, it may be better to shelter on your family’s policy. Never do this blindly. Some companies base the premium rate on the most expensive family vehicle. Others ask which vehicle the young driver will be allowed to drive. There are also very different rules about discounts for a good GPA and what is to happen when people leave for college. There are just too many variables. Rather than trying to guess, you should get a full set of quotes from all the insurers. One of them may actually be the cheap car insurance you’re hoping to find. Even if the premium rates prove more expensive than you were hoping to find, remember it’s better to have some car insurance rather than none. Getting caught without insurance is going to be a red flag when it comes to setting future rates.

The main difference between biodiesel and diesel is that while diesel is a derivative of petroleum products, biodiesel is a compound of biological nature- hence its name. The major sources of biodiesel are plant materials such as vegetable oils as well as animal materials. Unlike diesel which is manufactured through refinery processes carried out on crude oil, biodiesel is mainly a derivative of compounds of alcohol, which are produced in a series of biochemical processes that lead to fermentation in animal and plant materials. Whereas diesel is derived from a series of cracking processes involving crude petroleum, biodiesel is a derivative of plant or animal matter, particularly oil and fat respectively. These compounds consist of long chains of alkyl-, ethyl-, methyl- or propyl- esters. The compounds are derived by using several substances including vegetable oils and animal fats with alcohol-based substances.

Biodiesel is used in typical diesel engines. This feature differentiates it from other vegetable oil-based fuels that are consumed by converted diesel machine engines. Most converted fuels are usually in the form of ethanol. Biodiesel may be used on its own or be fortified with conventional diesel, which is commonly referred to as petro diesel.

The utilization of biodiesel in engines as opposed to petro diesel presents a number of benefits in regard to environmental concerns and economic impacts. To begin with, combustion of biodiesel results is reduced carbon dioxide emission rates of about 60 percent as compared to the use of petro diesel. This means that biodiesel is more environmentally-friendly vis-